Serial Killer Observation Essay Example For Students

Sequential Killer Observation Essay Charles Manson is in certainty one of the most broadly known sequential enemies of our time. He can without much of a stretch be considered the boogey man of society. Numerous individuals still right up 'til the present time dread him and his past, but at this point an elderly person in a jail cell, one may wonder what made such a beast. In finding out about character I believed that it is fascinating to apply a portion of the ideas that we have gained from the content and in class to someone in particular. I have no clue about why at long last I picked Charles Manson. I think perhaps it is a result of his appalling life before the murders, a real existence that a great many people dont think about. Artisan was the ill-conceived child of Kathleen Maddox, a 16-year-old whore. Manson had no contact what so ever with his dad (ATWL.com). The primary thing to call attention to is Alfred Adlers perspective on Birth Order. Adler accepted that the request where you were conceived impacted your character. Manson was the main conceived. Adler says that the first conceived may get tyrant or severe. Feels power is his right. The first is generally a difficult kid, a hypochondriac, criminal, lush, and a degenerate. Knowing Mansons future in wrongdoing it is fascinating how Adlers hypothesis fits in (Stein). Something else is that Manson never had any kind of a connection transport with his mom or his dad. His mom would frequently take off and leave him with outsiders. When she even exchanged him for a pitcher of brew at a neighborhood bar (Bugliosi 20-22). Ainsworth and her associates created three kinds of parent-youngster connections. Manson without a doubt would fit into the last classification : Avoidant connections. In this kind of a relationship the mother doesnt react to her childs needs, the infant is dismissed. It therefor builds up a feeling of uselessness and conceivable displeasure towards legitimate figures (Burger 162-163). As indicated by Erikson one can either build up a feeling of fundamental trust or a feeling of fundamental question. On the off chance that the mother is avoidant as in Mansons case the kid will no doubt build up a feeling of question. This will prompt an existence of irritation and withdrawal (Burger 117). Mansons life kept on being one wrongdoing after another. He was captured for a few examples where he took vehicles furthermore, dedicated thefts. In jail he assaulted another detainee with a razor edge and kept on sodomizing him (Bugliosi 67). Freud may have considered this to be dissatisfaction of the charisma. Which thus, causes animosity. This may likewise clarify the demonstration of sodomization against the other detainee (Burger 153). Karen Horney would in all probability have considered Charles To be as one who Moves against individuals. It is way that she accepted a gathering of individuals took care of their tension. To act forcefully may help manage a poor home condition. They make up for sentiments of insufficiency by pushing others around (Burger 125-125). Throughout the late spring of adoration Manson spoke to the individuals who where like him in numerous ways. Actually huge numbers of the young ladies that got comfortable with Manson considered him to be a Father figure. A large portion of them, if not completely created sexual associations with Manson. He was known as the dad of the religion (Bugliosi 111-125). Freud may have seen something somewhat like the Oedipus complex here. The Oedipus complex is named after a fanciful figure who intentionally wedded his mom. In spite of the fact that they were not naturally related, Freud may have contended that they were out of luck of the dad figure in their lives (Donadio). One could likewise say that Manson administered in a dictator way. During the years in his faction he persuaded different individuals that he was supernatural. He additionally caused them to go on a terrible executing binge. As per Erich Fromm this is simply the propensity to intertwine ones with a person or thing outside of oneself so as to procure the quality which the individual self is missing (Fromm, p. Nourishment versus sport execution Essay163). I accept Evilness and self-misfortune are as genuine as are goodness and aliveness. They are the optional possibilities of man on the off chance that he decides not to understand his essential possibilities (Fromm 145-152). Fromm accepted that outstandingly is a man conceived as a holy person or as a crook. He felt that the greater part of us have demeanors for good and for malicious, despite the fact that the separate load of these demeanors differs with people. Consequently, out destiny is to a great extent controlled by those impacts which shape and structure the given miens. He accepted that the family is the most significant impact. In any case, that .

Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation Essay

Presentation A perusing relate of Lauren E. McEntire, Tiffany M. Greene-Shortridge. (2011). Enlisting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation: How to Find the Right Leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13, 266-278. The enrollment and choice procedure framework is getting troublesome it is a result of today’s influenced society. To recognize great pioneers to fit into the association is it a tedious and costly procedure. It is urgent for the association to remain serious in the market as creative administrations assumed a critical job. (Greene-Shortridge, Lauren E. McEnture and Tiffany M., 2011) The examination demonstrated that (HR) proficient practices to enlist the correct abilities pioneer to fit into an imaginative association, the general progression assumed an essential job in the accomplishment for the association (Sarros, Cooper, and Santora, 2008; Shipton, Fay, West, Patterson, and Birdi, 2005). The target of this article had emphaise the significance of build up an organisations’ enrollment and determination systems to enlist an inventive pioneers to fit into the association. There are a few proposal determination apparatuses, for example, basic social/mental appraisals, conduct meetings and progression arranging. Synopsis It is essential to have a visionary creative hierarchical pioneer in light of the fact that is the extraordinary effect for the association to scale more prominent statures. The HR experts are incredibly dependable to find out the people to assume a huge job on the inspiration and execution with different individuals. The leader’s job is to help the assurance and earned due regard and acknowledgment as a model. Preparing and Development has been an apparatus for self-advancement. The turnover rate is staying low and maintenance will be demonstrated higher. There will be an immediate effect on the initiative that drove by a decent pioneer. To recognize the visionary creative pioneers is the most challenges enrollment process for HR proficient. Effective pioneers are generally utilized and not effectively searching for a superior chance. The best enrollment is recognizing through the private/average informal communities, scouting, peer referrals, proficient social orders or graduated class list. Utilizing peer referral is viable for the enlistment procedure it is on the grounds that they were from the mid-to upper-level effective in the association and that make the hierarchical referral. The new enlistment strategies are through long range interpersonal communication media and sites. To make it increasingly profitable enrollment instrument (an) utilization ebb and flow representative as a pursuit point (b) search for a skillful and pertinent key understanding (c) utilize the interior referral inside the association. It is a best practice to enroll interior as introductory data is effectively get to. There are a couple of kinds of choice instruments that are accessible; the most well known is the Innovation Potential Indicator to survey the capacity to do inventive thoughts specifically situations (Burch, Pavelis and Port, 2008). There are different sorts of determination appraisal, for example, character, inspiration, encounters/true to life information and situational judgment which permit managing on the web. Inside the appraisal places, the outcome takes into consideration assessment to relate the administration capacity and execution. Another determination devices is Person-Organization Fit Assessments (P-O fit), it is to survey the similarity between the individual and association. In understanding, this is a worth based determination apparatuses to test the estimations of inventiveness and advancement. P-O fit identifies with the traits and skill, which between work fulfillment and responsibility. Typically Based Interviews has become an effective way to deal with foresee an individual through the past encounters. Generally questioners will client the situational inquiries to take into account the pertinent past work encounters. Such answer permits the questioner evaluate the candidates’ initiative abilities orâ special aptitudes. Progression arranging has been the most mainstream practice for enormous association. A viable progression plan can take a couple of years to recognize an imaginative pioneer inside the association. The most testing is keep close contact with present and future development pioneer needs and advance to another job. Scrutinize Quality In this article, writer express a couple of focuses to enroll and choose imaginative pioneers in different manners. The estimation of an incredible innovator in the association and what is significant for an imaginative pioneer. The undertaking is to fabricate the association certainty, the vision, and culture and to comprehend what sort of pioneer suit the association. The creator unmistakably exhibits in enrollment and determination of a decent pioneers it seems, by all accounts, to be the generally route for HR proficient. Select and groom the inventive pioneers inside have consistently demonstrated to be an important venture (Groves, 2007; Hempel and Brady, 2006; Roshto, 1997). A decent pioneer must have the option to premonition and astuteness to empower the association to develop continually. It permits the association to develop into another age. The perfect competitors ought to have the capabilities or qualities were regarding the most basic. (The Business Times, 2011) Shortcoming In any case, the creator conclusion on the conduct based meeting might be a conventional strategy for reasonable determination methodology (Moscoso, 2000; Salgado and Moscoso, 2002). In any case, the creator can't show the realities of the achievement pace of the maintenance of keys pioneer. Another instruments that creator state is the Innovation Potential Indicator (IPI) is to evaluates the individual capacity for a specific situation (Burch, Pavelis, and Port, 2008) Connection Relevant to the contextual analysis The contextual investigation â€Å"A Matter of Choice† objective is to recognize who is the best individual to lead Andre Pierrot’s domain (Teh and Girardi, 2010). The article has distinguished the enlist and choice of the imaginative pioneer. The significant of progression arranging is to distinguish the perfect contender to be viewed as a pioneer, the pioneer must increase the value of the association. The up-and-comer should communicate enthusiasm to carry out the responsibility. (Dennis Carey, John J. Keller, and Michael Patsalos-Fox, 2010) The association needs to plainly state what sort of pioneer they are searching for, the vision of an association. The center gathering conversation needs to list down the measures, distinguish the most appropriate to fit into the association. Utilize the practical competency of administration credits to distinguish a pioneer. End In this manner, progression arranging is focused inside the association level. The new pioneer should share the association vision and mission. When the new pioneer has been named, it permits the possibility to understudy the present heads. The consistent change and change is advantage for the staff. Being a replacement, it needs to built up pioneer who motivates numerous with her idealism, positive vitality and sustaining aura (The Straits Tiimes, 2011).

Rules How to Properly Punctuate a Movie Title

Rules How to Properly Punctuate a Movie Title Creating an essay is a complex process that requires a lot of time, patience, attention, knowledge, and good writing skills. Apart from this, you have to know the main rules of correct punctuation. If you are making an essay and need to mention a movie title in it, its important to use proper punctuation. Remember that your work wouldnt look professional and clear without it, thats why we suggest reading our short guide. Here you will find all rules about how to punctuate a movie title in an essay. Why you should punctuate a movie title in an essay? When you are making an essay, its important to write it in a certain style. Each of those styles has various requirements for punctuation, thats why before writing you need to consider what style you have to use for your future paper. We suggest checking this moment with your teacher to clarify all requirements. Proper punctuation helps the author to be understandable by readers. If, for example, you are writing a sentence “I watched The Post”, readers may not understand you mentioned a movie title there, so you need to write more preciously like “I watched The Post” or “I watched “The Post” with my brother yesterday”. Usually, the punctuation of movie titles in your paper follows rules for other text types punctuation. But you should define what style to use for your work because different styles have different rules. Keep reading our article and get the main rules how to correctly punctuate a movie title. Best practices to punctuate a movie title When you want to mention a movie in your essay, you have to highlight the title. There are several ways how to make a text more visible: Rules how to properly punctuate a movie titleusing italics â€" you can italicize a movie title in your work: I watched The Matrix movie for more than ten times. using capitalization â€" when you want to put a movie title into your paper, you have to follow proper punctuation for the title of a movie: During winter holidays, I watched two great movies: The Greatest Showman and The Shape of Water. using underlines â€" this method was usually used in handwritten papers to highlight the needed text. Sometimes people can use it in printed articles too: during watching Pride and Prejudice, I learned a lot about morality and marriage in England of the 18th century. you can mark the movie title by using quotation marks: “12 Strong” is a great history movie that tells a story about soldiers in Afghanistan after 9/11. Key rules how to punctuate a movie title in an essay Here we will clarify how to write a movie title in your work in different styles. MLA, APA, Harvard, and Chicago styles In these four styles, movies are defined as “long texts”, so you should use Italic font for writing titles: She was all involved in watching Castle series. If a movie title includes punctuation or capitalization, write it down without any changes: My sister presented me with a great DVD movie What about Bob? Make all words capitalized except a, an, or, and, but, etc.: Last weekend I was going to watch Requiem for a Dream. For Chicago, MLA, and APA styles all first letters of words should be capitalized except prepositions, articles, and conjunctions until those words are first in the title: Hes just not that into You is my favorite movie with Jennifer Aniston. APA style requires capitalizing all words longer than four letters: Gone With the Wind is a wonderful movie about love. AP style This sort of title is used for newspapers mostly, and the correct punctuation for a movie title is using quotation marks: I enjoyed watching “Lost” with my friend, we are used to watching it after classes. If you need to place a comma or period after the title, you need to put it in the marks: My cousin started to watch “The Call,” but she realized its too scary for her to see. I invited my girlfriend to watch a romantic movie “500 Days of Summer.” If you are mentioning a movie title with a questioning mark, you need to put it in the quotation marks: My parents suggested watching an old film “What Ever Happened To Baby Jane?” Capitalize words, including conjunctions and prepositions that are four and more letters: My friend suggested me watching “Rebel Without A Cause”, an old drama about teenagers. When you are not sure how do you punctuate a movie title in an essay, discuss this question with your teacher or professor. Feel free to use our suggestions about various formats for movie titles. A good idea is to see how they wrote a title of a movie on the Internet. Anyway, different styles have various requirements, thats why movie titles can be written differently if you are making an essay on your computer, or if you are working on the article to publish online. Useful tips and recommendations Lets sum up everything we said before and provide you with useful tips on punctuation for movie titles in an essay: Dont start writing until you checked all questions and clarified requirements with your teacher; Read thoroughly all necessary requirements for the certain style of your future work; Define how you should write movie titles in your paper according to the style; When you finished your essay, dont forget to check it for grammar and punctuation errors; this will make your work professional and clean. We hope that you have learned how to punctuate a movie title in a sentence with our detailed guide. Follow these simple rules and create a great masterpiece to impress readers!

How To Pronounce Frohe Weihnachten in German

The most common way to wish someone a merry Christmas in German is to tell them, Frohe Weihnachten. Directly translated, that means merry Christmas.   The German language tends to follow its rules pretty well when it comes to pronouncing a word. Once you memorize the rules, itll be easy to know how to say something you read, even if its a new word.   Until then, here are some tips on how to properly wish someone a frohe Weihnachten in German. Pronunciation Tips Make sure to not pronounce the h in either word. The h is silent, if not a very subtle breath.  Make sure that the dipthong ch is gutteral. This is different than the English pronunciation of a ch. This is best to hear, rather than explain in words.   Each word has a separate audio link. Listen here: Frohe Weihnachten Other Holiday Greetings Here are other common greetings during the holiday season. Each word is linked with an audio guide on how to pronounce it.   Frà ¶hliche Weihnachten: Merry Christmas Frohes neues Jahr: Happy New Year Alles Gute zum neuen Jahr: All the best for the New Year Other Holiday Words and Phrases Here are some other useful holiday words and phrases, without the audio. Frà ¶hliches Hanukkah: Happy Hanukkah Die Grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e der Jahreszeit: Seasons greetings Der Weihnachtsmann kommt: Santa Claus is coming Gluhwein: Mulled wine (popular in Germany over the holidays) Weihnachtsmarkt: Holiday/Christmas market (a popular tourist activity in Germany over the holidays) Der Engel: The angel Die Christbaumkugeln: Christmas ornaments Die Glocken: Bells Die Geschenke: Gifts

1984 Themes, Symbols, and Literary Devices

Written at a time when dictatorships and totalitarian regimes were establishing a hold over much of the world despite the defeat of Hitler’s Nazis in World War II, in 1984 Orwell described what he saw as the inevitable outcome of any political movement that embraced authoritarianism and the cult of personality. Orwell was extremely frightened of political power being concentrated in a small number of individuals, correctly seeing it as a pathway to the loss of personal freedoms, and foresaw the technology that would make the erasure of those freedoms a simple task. Totalitarianism The most obvious and powerful theme of the novel is, of course, totalitarianism itself. A totalitarian state is one where there is only one political force legally permitted—all opposition to the state’s policies and actions is illegal, usually categorized as treason and met with violent retribution. This naturally stifles freedom of expression and makes change within the system impossible. In democratic societies, opposition groups can form political parties, express their ideas freely, and force the state to address concerns or be replaced. In a totalitarian society, this is impossible. Orwell’s Oceania goes further than even most existing totalitarian states. Where real-world authoritarian leaders seek to restrict information and control their populations in terms of their physical movements and spoken or written communication, Orwell’s government of the future seeks to inhibit thought itself and alter information at the source. Newspeak is a language invented by the state specifically to make independent thought literally impossible, and even Winston’s physical surroundings are designed to inhibit his freedoms, like the way his small apartment is dominated by the enormous two-way television screen, crowding him into a corner he incorrectly believes offers him some degree of privacy. That illusion is crucial to Orwell’s theme, as he strives to demonstrate that in a truly totalitarian society all freedom is in fact an illusion. Winston believes he finds ways to resist and meaningfully fight back against repression, all of which turn out to be gambits controlled by the state. Orwell argues that people who imagine they would heroically resist such a repressive regime are kidding themselves. Control of Information A crucial aspect of Oceania’s control over the citizenry is its manipulation of information. Workers at the Ministry of Truth actively adjust newspapers and books on a daily basis to match the ever-changing version of history that suits the purposes of the state. Without any kind of reliable source of facts, Winston and anyone who, like him, is dissatisfied or concerned about the state of the world, has only their vague feelings on which to base their resistance. More than simply a reference to Joseph Stalin’s practice of literally airbrushing people out of historical records, this is a chilling demonstration of how a lack of information and accurate data renders people powerless. Winston daydreams of a past that never actually existed and sees it as the goal of his rebellion, but since he lacks any real information, his rebellion is meaningless. Consider how he is tricked into overtly betraying the state by O’Brien. All the information Winston has about the Brotherhood and Emmanuel Goldstein is fed to him by the state itself. He has no idea if any of it is true—if the Brotherhood even exists, if there is even a man named Emmanuel Goldstein. Destruction of the Self Winston’s torture at the end of the novel is not simply punishment for his Thoughtcrimes and incompetent attempts to rebel; the purpose of the torture is to eradicate his sense of self. This is the ultimate goal of totalitarian regimes according to Orwell: A complete subservience to the goals, needs, and ideas of the state. The torture Winston undergoes is designed to destroy his individuality. In fact, every aspect of life in Oceania is designed to achieve this goal. Newspeak is designed to prevent negative thoughts or any thought that is not approved or generated by the state. The Two-Minutes Hate and the presence of Big Brother posters promote a sense of homogeneous community, and the presence of Thought Police—especially the children, who have been raised in the poisoned environment of the totalitarian state and who function as credulous and uncritical servants of its philosophy—prevents any sort of trust or true kinship. In fact, the Thought Police do not have to actually exist to achieve this goal. Simply the belief that they do is sufficient to inhibit any individual expression, with the ultimate result that the self is subsumed into Groupthink. Symbols Big Brother. The most powerful and recognizable symbol from the book—recognized even by people who have not read it—is the looming image of Big Brother on posters everywhere. The posters obviously symbolize the power and omniscience of the party, but they are only ominous to those who retain any kind of individual thought. For those fully assimilated into the party line, Big Brother is not an ironic term—he is seen as a protector, a kindly older sibling keeping them from harm, whether it be the threat of outside forces, or the threat of unmutual thoughts. Proles. Winston is obsessed with the lives of the proles, and fetishizes the red-armed prole woman as his main hope for the future, because she represents the potentially overwhelming power of numbers as well as a mother who will bear future generations of free children. It is notable that Winston’s best hope for the future takes the responsibility from his hands—he is not the one counted on to deliver this ill-defined future, it is up to the proles to rise up. And if they do not, the implication is that it is because they are dull and lazy. Telescreens. Another obvious symbol are the wall-sized televisions in every private space. This literal intrusion by the state is not a commentary on modern television, which did not exist in any meaningful way in 1948, but rather a symbol of the destructive and repressive power of technology. Orwell distrusted technology, and saw it as a grave danger to freedom. Literary Devices Limited Point of View. Orwell chooses to restrict our access to information by tying the narrative solely to Winston’s point of view. This is done specifically to keep the reader reliant on the information they are given, just as Winston is. This underscores the betrayal and shock that both feel when, for example, the Brotherhood is revealed to be fictional. Plain Language. 1984 is written in a very plain style, with few flourishes or unnecessary words. While many students take this to mean Orwell was a humorless man, or who simply lacked the ability to write in an exciting way, the fact is the opposite: Orwell had such control over his art he was able to match his writing style precisely to the mood and setting. The novel is written in a sparse, grim style that perfectly matches and evokes the grim, unhappy, and hopeless setting. The reader experiences the same dull, plodding sense of mere existence that Winston does.

HIV progres Free Essays

Although progress has been in treating HIV infection and AIDS, the epidemic remains a critical public health issue in all communities across the country and around the world. Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatment remain important aspects of care for people with HIV infections and AIDS. Nurses in all settings encounter people with this disease; thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assessment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with HIV infection and AIDS. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV progres or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1987, just 6 years after the first cases of AIDS were reported, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first antiretroviral agent; in 1988nthe first randomized controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in the literature; and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents. Improved treatment of HIV and AIDS has resulted in increased survival times; in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively. This paper intent to: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the modes of transmission of HIV infection. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the pathophysiology of HIV infection. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   explain the physiology underlying the clinical manifestations of HIV infection. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Describe the management of patients with HIV infection. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the interventions appropriate for patients with HIV infection and AIDS. I. Introduction Since acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection. During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs). The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan Holmes, 1999). Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001). II. Background A. Epidemiology In fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993) All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000). Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS. As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV. A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact. In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002). The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002). AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom Hoffman, 2001).   UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever. The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003). How to cite HIV progres, Papers

Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

Question: Describe the dimensions and antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour? Answer: Organizational Citizenship Behavior Introduction Every organization is in need of an employee who performs certain tasks which are not a part of any job description. In such circumstances, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) plays an active role. Organizational citizenship behavior refers to behavior which is beneficial to the organization not directly but indirectly. There are many researches or studies conducted in favor of organizational citizenship behavior. The present study have investigates organizational citizenship behavior in an in depth manner. Literature Review In todays ever quick era, every organization finds new ways to deal with various challenges. In todays competitive environment, each enterprise requires an employee who will perform duties more than their specified role requirements. It has been seen that, when employees exert behavior which exceeds its specified requirements they help in improving the overall functioning of the organization. OCB has been referred to as a behavior which pertains in the organization in which the employee performs more than its job requirements (Suresh Venkatammal, 2010). OCB has been referred to as the type of behavior which is voluntary in nature. Based on the research done by Organ 1988, organizational citizenship behavior is referred to as a vital aspect which helps in the survival of the organization as a whole. Organ also argued that, with the help of organizational citizenship behavior maximizes both the efficiency of the employee organization which helps in the proper functioning of the organ ization as a whole. There are various western researchers who have investigated organizational citizenship behavior in an in depth manner. The primary objective of this study is to predict the changes in organizational citizenship behavior either by personality or by organizational climate. This study takes into consideration a sample size of 215 employees of a public sector organization. The study conducted uses a two factor model theory and concludes that, personality climate factors both have greater influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Generally, OCB is referred to as a type of behavior such as helping the colleagues, perform some extra work voluntarily, representing the organization in front of the board members, assisting the co-workers in meeting the stringent deadlines etc. It has been seen that, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can be of various forms i.e. one where the beneficiary is a single person (for example,: in case of helping an employee) and other where a group of beneficiaries is involved (representing the organization in front of the board members) (Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences, 2006). The main aim of this study is to investigate, the set of different organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) antecedents i.e. personality organizational climate. Organizational climate in the current study has been defined as a set of perceived attributes of an organization as well as the ways in which organization deals with its group members or issues (if a ny). Organizational climate on the other hand has been referred to as a broader term which consists of various elements covered as antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Various studies suggest that, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) contributes towards the effectiveness of the organization thereby leading to high levels of performance for the same (Organ, Podsakoff MacKenzie, 2006). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has been referred to as a broader term which takes into consideration both social psychological environment where the task takes place (Organ, 1988). Some of the common examples of organizational citizenship behavior are helping the newly appointed employee to get familiar with the organization, volunteer in changing shifts, help a colleague in meeting the deadline, working overtime without remuneration organize activities in office. Some of the benefits of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) which might have positive impact o n the effective functioning of the enterprise betterment of employees have been discussed in this section of the review. Firstly, correlation between job satisfaction organizational citizenship behavior is positive. This means that, people working in the organization are highly satisfied not casual in nature. Secondly, employees who adopt various organizational citizenship behaviors tend to have better performance ratings. This will help the employee to earn more rewards recognition within the enterprise. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seems to have compelling effects on the success of the organization i.e. it helps in enhancing the productivity of the organization, helpful behavior amongst the colleagues will help to facilitate cohesiveness, effective communication strong networks will help the employees to improve the efficiency along with supportive working environment. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has been referred to as a vital factor for success of any enterprise. Therefore, some of the factors which engages OCB in the workplace are personality, attitudes characteristics/traits. Some of the hypotheses which have been taken in this study are firstly, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is positively related to OCB, secondly; personality is related to OCB, thirdly; employees differ in their OCB based upon gender, age marital status, fourthly; organizational citizenship behavior direct to organization (OCBO) has two main factors i.e. personality organizational climate an lastly; organizational citizenship behavior direct to individuals (OCBI) is influenced by personality organizational climate (LAM, SCHAUBROECK NAUMANN, 2002). A sample size of 250 employees was taken and questionnaires were distributed amongst the same. Some of the tools adopted to gather information for organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) are organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire, organizational climate scale five factor personality scale (Roberts Hogan, 2001). The organizational citizenship behavior scale consists of 16 questions which are further divided into 8- 8 items for organizational citizenship behavior direct to individuals (OCBI) and organizational citizenship behavior direct to organization (OCBO). The questions catering to OCBO takes into consideration that how the efficiency of the organization can be improved and OCBI takes into consideration that how individuals might help the other employees in the organization. Based on the results, 0.83 OCBI 0.88 OCBO were seen (Khaola, 2008). This shows that, there is a positive link between OCBI OCBO. Organizational climate scale refers to a bipolar scale which is constructed for the employees and belongs to different attributes such as rewards recognition, interpersonal relations, organizational processes, sharing information altruistic behavior. The five factor personality scale refers to a scale which consists of 50 items. The participants taking this tool rates the items on a 5 point Likert Scale from 1 to 5. As per the study conducted regarding organizational citizenship behavior, organizational citizenship behavior direct to individuals (OCBI) has a positive correlation with the inter-personal relations, roles clarity, organizational processes sharing of information. Whereas, on the other hand organizational citizenship behavior direct to organization (OCBO) is positively correlated to organizational processes, altruistic behavior and organizational climate. Organizational climate has been referred to as a complex phenomenon which is related to employee retention, employee commitment employees perception for organization. Based upon the various studies conducted between the OCB organizational climate, it has been stated that both are positively correlated with one another. Based upon the study conducted by Biswas Varma 2007, a positive environment is seen within the enterprise which in turn leads to a positive energy amongst the employees. This positive energy inculcates willingness to engage in organizational citizenship behavior (OCBs). As evidence, Biswas Varma results that there is a positive correlation between climate pertaining in the organization OCB amongst 374 manufacturing sectors all across the globe (Hooi, 2012). The link between personality factors with organizational citizenship behavior can be seen amongst the employees towards direct individuals (OCBI) organization (OCBO). It has been seen that, employees help each other not only because of companionship but because of the bond they share with each other. Helping the colleagues is tapped by OCBI helping the organization as whole is tapped by OCBO. It is said that, people who are high on agreeableness states they enjoy interacting with their colleagues and are known by the terms such as friendly, helpful, happy, selfless, cooperative altruistic. These are the group of people who come into play in citizenship behaviors. There are another set of people, who not only assist their colleagues i n performing their tasks but try to benefit the enterprise thereby leading to better functioning of the enterprise. Based upon various researches it has been seen that, people belonging to different age groups react differently. According to the study conducted by Wagner Rush 2000, the early years of life i.e. 20-30 yrs is the at age for settling down and the latter ages i.e. 31-55yrs is the best age to spend leisure time with your loved ones (Gurbuz, 2009). This is the sole reason that, employees in young age try to match their needs with the needs of the organization. Whereas, on the other hand employees in the older age adjust their needs with whatever the organization is offering. It is seen that, married employees in any organization tend to pursue organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) towards the organization as a whole their colleagues (Biswas Varma, 2007). It has been seen that, married employees tend to give more time to the organization as compared to individuals. Conclusion Hence, as per the present study there is positive relation between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational processes. Organizational process refers to the relation between the member of the organization openness in the communication processes. Effective communication plays a vital role in balancing between the information being spread in the big organizations. Hence, it is the duty of the top officials to create an atmosphere of effective communication and build good relations with the employees working under one roof. 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