Serial Killer Observation Essay Example For Students

Sequential Killer Observation Essay Charles Manson is in certainty one of the most broadly known sequential enemies of our time. He can without much of a stretch be considered the boogey man of society. Numerous individuals still right up 'til the present time dread him and his past, but at this point an elderly person in a jail cell, one may wonder what made such a beast. In finding out about character I believed that it is fascinating to apply a portion of the ideas that we have gained from the content and in class to someone in particular. I have no clue about why at long last I picked Charles Manson. I think perhaps it is a result of his appalling life before the murders, a real existence that a great many people dont think about. Artisan was the ill-conceived child of Kathleen Maddox, a 16-year-old whore. Manson had no contact what so ever with his dad (ATWL.com). The primary thing to call attention to is Alfred Adlers perspective on Birth Order. Adler accepted that the request where you were conceived impacted your character. Manson was the main conceived. Adler says that the first conceived may get tyrant or severe. Feels power is his right. The first is generally a difficult kid, a hypochondriac, criminal, lush, and a degenerate. Knowing Mansons future in wrongdoing it is fascinating how Adlers hypothesis fits in (Stein). Something else is that Manson never had any kind of a connection transport with his mom or his dad. His mom would frequently take off and leave him with outsiders. When she even exchanged him for a pitcher of brew at a neighborhood bar (Bugliosi 20-22). Ainsworth and her associates created three kinds of parent-youngster connections. Manson without a doubt would fit into the last classification : Avoidant connections. In this kind of a relationship the mother doesnt react to her childs needs, the infant is dismissed. It therefor builds up a feeling of uselessness and conceivable displeasure towards legitimate figures (Burger 162-163). As indicated by Erikson one can either build up a feeling of fundamental trust or a feeling of fundamental question. On the off chance that the mother is avoidant as in Mansons case the kid will no doubt build up a feeling of question. This will prompt an existence of irritation and withdrawal (Burger 117). Mansons life kept on being one wrongdoing after another. He was captured for a few examples where he took vehicles furthermore, dedicated thefts. In jail he assaulted another detainee with a razor edge and kept on sodomizing him (Bugliosi 67). Freud may have considered this to be dissatisfaction of the charisma. Which thus, causes animosity. This may likewise clarify the demonstration of sodomization against the other detainee (Burger 153). Karen Horney would in all probability have considered Charles To be as one who Moves against individuals. It is way that she accepted a gathering of individuals took care of their tension. To act forcefully may help manage a poor home condition. They make up for sentiments of insufficiency by pushing others around (Burger 125-125). Throughout the late spring of adoration Manson spoke to the individuals who where like him in numerous ways. Actually huge numbers of the young ladies that got comfortable with Manson considered him to be a Father figure. A large portion of them, if not completely created sexual associations with Manson. He was known as the dad of the religion (Bugliosi 111-125). Freud may have seen something somewhat like the Oedipus complex here. The Oedipus complex is named after a fanciful figure who intentionally wedded his mom. In spite of the fact that they were not naturally related, Freud may have contended that they were out of luck of the dad figure in their lives (Donadio). One could likewise say that Manson administered in a dictator way. During the years in his faction he persuaded different individuals that he was supernatural. He additionally caused them to go on a terrible executing binge. As per Erich Fromm this is simply the propensity to intertwine ones with a person or thing outside of oneself so as to procure the quality which the individual self is missing (Fromm, p. Nourishment versus sport execution Essay163). I accept Evilness and self-misfortune are as genuine as are goodness and aliveness. They are the optional possibilities of man on the off chance that he decides not to understand his essential possibilities (Fromm 145-152). Fromm accepted that outstandingly is a man conceived as a holy person or as a crook. He felt that the greater part of us have demeanors for good and for malicious, despite the fact that the separate load of these demeanors differs with people. Consequently, out destiny is to a great extent controlled by those impacts which shape and structure the given miens. He accepted that the family is the most significant impact. In any case, that .

Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation Essay

Presentation A perusing relate of Lauren E. McEntire, Tiffany M. Greene-Shortridge. (2011). Enlisting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation: How to Find the Right Leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13, 266-278. The enrollment and choice procedure framework is getting troublesome it is a result of today’s influenced society. To recognize great pioneers to fit into the association is it a tedious and costly procedure. It is urgent for the association to remain serious in the market as creative administrations assumed a critical job. (Greene-Shortridge, Lauren E. McEnture and Tiffany M., 2011) The examination demonstrated that (HR) proficient practices to enlist the correct abilities pioneer to fit into an imaginative association, the general progression assumed an essential job in the accomplishment for the association (Sarros, Cooper, and Santora, 2008; Shipton, Fay, West, Patterson, and Birdi, 2005). The target of this article had emphaise the significance of build up an organisations’ enrollment and determination systems to enlist an inventive pioneers to fit into the association. There are a few proposal determination apparatuses, for example, basic social/mental appraisals, conduct meetings and progression arranging. Synopsis It is essential to have a visionary creative hierarchical pioneer in light of the fact that is the extraordinary effect for the association to scale more prominent statures. The HR experts are incredibly dependable to find out the people to assume a huge job on the inspiration and execution with different individuals. The leader’s job is to help the assurance and earned due regard and acknowledgment as a model. Preparing and Development has been an apparatus for self-advancement. The turnover rate is staying low and maintenance will be demonstrated higher. There will be an immediate effect on the initiative that drove by a decent pioneer. To recognize the visionary creative pioneers is the most challenges enrollment process for HR proficient. Effective pioneers are generally utilized and not effectively searching for a superior chance. The best enrollment is recognizing through the private/average informal communities, scouting, peer referrals, proficient social orders or graduated class list. Utilizing peer referral is viable for the enlistment procedure it is on the grounds that they were from the mid-to upper-level effective in the association and that make the hierarchical referral. The new enlistment strategies are through long range interpersonal communication media and sites. To make it increasingly profitable enrollment instrument (an) utilization ebb and flow representative as a pursuit point (b) search for a skillful and pertinent key understanding (c) utilize the interior referral inside the association. It is a best practice to enroll interior as introductory data is effectively get to. There are a couple of kinds of choice instruments that are accessible; the most well known is the Innovation Potential Indicator to survey the capacity to do inventive thoughts specifically situations (Burch, Pavelis and Port, 2008). There are different sorts of determination appraisal, for example, character, inspiration, encounters/true to life information and situational judgment which permit managing on the web. Inside the appraisal places, the outcome takes into consideration assessment to relate the administration capacity and execution. Another determination devices is Person-Organization Fit Assessments (P-O fit), it is to survey the similarity between the individual and association. In understanding, this is a worth based determination apparatuses to test the estimations of inventiveness and advancement. P-O fit identifies with the traits and skill, which between work fulfillment and responsibility. Typically Based Interviews has become an effective way to deal with foresee an individual through the past encounters. Generally questioners will client the situational inquiries to take into account the pertinent past work encounters. Such answer permits the questioner evaluate the candidates’ initiative abilities orâ special aptitudes. Progression arranging has been the most mainstream practice for enormous association. A viable progression plan can take a couple of years to recognize an imaginative pioneer inside the association. The most testing is keep close contact with present and future development pioneer needs and advance to another job. Scrutinize Quality In this article, writer express a couple of focuses to enroll and choose imaginative pioneers in different manners. The estimation of an incredible innovator in the association and what is significant for an imaginative pioneer. The undertaking is to fabricate the association certainty, the vision, and culture and to comprehend what sort of pioneer suit the association. The creator unmistakably exhibits in enrollment and determination of a decent pioneers it seems, by all accounts, to be the generally route for HR proficient. Select and groom the inventive pioneers inside have consistently demonstrated to be an important venture (Groves, 2007; Hempel and Brady, 2006; Roshto, 1997). A decent pioneer must have the option to premonition and astuteness to empower the association to develop continually. It permits the association to develop into another age. The perfect competitors ought to have the capabilities or qualities were regarding the most basic. (The Business Times, 2011) Shortcoming In any case, the creator conclusion on the conduct based meeting might be a conventional strategy for reasonable determination methodology (Moscoso, 2000; Salgado and Moscoso, 2002). In any case, the creator can't show the realities of the achievement pace of the maintenance of keys pioneer. Another instruments that creator state is the Innovation Potential Indicator (IPI) is to evaluates the individual capacity for a specific situation (Burch, Pavelis, and Port, 2008) Connection Relevant to the contextual analysis The contextual investigation â€Å"A Matter of Choice† objective is to recognize who is the best individual to lead Andre Pierrot’s domain (Teh and Girardi, 2010). The article has distinguished the enlist and choice of the imaginative pioneer. The significant of progression arranging is to distinguish the perfect contender to be viewed as a pioneer, the pioneer must increase the value of the association. The up-and-comer should communicate enthusiasm to carry out the responsibility. (Dennis Carey, John J. Keller, and Michael Patsalos-Fox, 2010) The association needs to plainly state what sort of pioneer they are searching for, the vision of an association. The center gathering conversation needs to list down the measures, distinguish the most appropriate to fit into the association. Utilize the practical competency of administration credits to distinguish a pioneer. End In this manner, progression arranging is focused inside the association level. The new pioneer should share the association vision and mission. When the new pioneer has been named, it permits the possibility to understudy the present heads. The consistent change and change is advantage for the staff. Being a replacement, it needs to built up pioneer who motivates numerous with her idealism, positive vitality and sustaining aura (The Straits Tiimes, 2011).

Rules How to Properly Punctuate a Movie Title

Rules How to Properly Punctuate a Movie Title Creating an essay is a complex process that requires a lot of time, patience, attention, knowledge, and good writing skills. Apart from this, you have to know the main rules of correct punctuation. If you are making an essay and need to mention a movie title in it, its important to use proper punctuation. Remember that your work wouldnt look professional and clear without it, thats why we suggest reading our short guide. Here you will find all rules about how to punctuate a movie title in an essay. Why you should punctuate a movie title in an essay? When you are making an essay, its important to write it in a certain style. Each of those styles has various requirements for punctuation, thats why before writing you need to consider what style you have to use for your future paper. We suggest checking this moment with your teacher to clarify all requirements. Proper punctuation helps the author to be understandable by readers. If, for example, you are writing a sentence “I watched The Post”, readers may not understand you mentioned a movie title there, so you need to write more preciously like “I watched The Post” or “I watched “The Post” with my brother yesterday”. Usually, the punctuation of movie titles in your paper follows rules for other text types punctuation. But you should define what style to use for your work because different styles have different rules. Keep reading our article and get the main rules how to correctly punctuate a movie title. Best practices to punctuate a movie title When you want to mention a movie in your essay, you have to highlight the title. There are several ways how to make a text more visible: Rules how to properly punctuate a movie titleusing italics â€" you can italicize a movie title in your work: I watched The Matrix movie for more than ten times. using capitalization â€" when you want to put a movie title into your paper, you have to follow proper punctuation for the title of a movie: During winter holidays, I watched two great movies: The Greatest Showman and The Shape of Water. using underlines â€" this method was usually used in handwritten papers to highlight the needed text. Sometimes people can use it in printed articles too: during watching Pride and Prejudice, I learned a lot about morality and marriage in England of the 18th century. you can mark the movie title by using quotation marks: “12 Strong” is a great history movie that tells a story about soldiers in Afghanistan after 9/11. Key rules how to punctuate a movie title in an essay Here we will clarify how to write a movie title in your work in different styles. MLA, APA, Harvard, and Chicago styles In these four styles, movies are defined as “long texts”, so you should use Italic font for writing titles: She was all involved in watching Castle series. If a movie title includes punctuation or capitalization, write it down without any changes: My sister presented me with a great DVD movie What about Bob? Make all words capitalized except a, an, or, and, but, etc.: Last weekend I was going to watch Requiem for a Dream. For Chicago, MLA, and APA styles all first letters of words should be capitalized except prepositions, articles, and conjunctions until those words are first in the title: Hes just not that into You is my favorite movie with Jennifer Aniston. APA style requires capitalizing all words longer than four letters: Gone With the Wind is a wonderful movie about love. AP style This sort of title is used for newspapers mostly, and the correct punctuation for a movie title is using quotation marks: I enjoyed watching “Lost” with my friend, we are used to watching it after classes. If you need to place a comma or period after the title, you need to put it in the marks: My cousin started to watch “The Call,” but she realized its too scary for her to see. I invited my girlfriend to watch a romantic movie “500 Days of Summer.” If you are mentioning a movie title with a questioning mark, you need to put it in the quotation marks: My parents suggested watching an old film “What Ever Happened To Baby Jane?” Capitalize words, including conjunctions and prepositions that are four and more letters: My friend suggested me watching “Rebel Without A Cause”, an old drama about teenagers. When you are not sure how do you punctuate a movie title in an essay, discuss this question with your teacher or professor. Feel free to use our suggestions about various formats for movie titles. A good idea is to see how they wrote a title of a movie on the Internet. Anyway, different styles have various requirements, thats why movie titles can be written differently if you are making an essay on your computer, or if you are working on the article to publish online. Useful tips and recommendations Lets sum up everything we said before and provide you with useful tips on punctuation for movie titles in an essay: Dont start writing until you checked all questions and clarified requirements with your teacher; Read thoroughly all necessary requirements for the certain style of your future work; Define how you should write movie titles in your paper according to the style; When you finished your essay, dont forget to check it for grammar and punctuation errors; this will make your work professional and clean. We hope that you have learned how to punctuate a movie title in a sentence with our detailed guide. Follow these simple rules and create a great masterpiece to impress readers!

How To Pronounce Frohe Weihnachten in German

The most common way to wish someone a merry Christmas in German is to tell them, Frohe Weihnachten. Directly translated, that means merry Christmas.   The German language tends to follow its rules pretty well when it comes to pronouncing a word. Once you memorize the rules, itll be easy to know how to say something you read, even if its a new word.   Until then, here are some tips on how to properly wish someone a frohe Weihnachten in German. Pronunciation Tips Make sure to not pronounce the h in either word. The h is silent, if not a very subtle breath.  Make sure that the dipthong ch is gutteral. This is different than the English pronunciation of a ch. This is best to hear, rather than explain in words.   Each word has a separate audio link. Listen here: Frohe Weihnachten Other Holiday Greetings Here are other common greetings during the holiday season. Each word is linked with an audio guide on how to pronounce it.   Frà ¶hliche Weihnachten: Merry Christmas Frohes neues Jahr: Happy New Year Alles Gute zum neuen Jahr: All the best for the New Year Other Holiday Words and Phrases Here are some other useful holiday words and phrases, without the audio. Frà ¶hliches Hanukkah: Happy Hanukkah Die Grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e der Jahreszeit: Seasons greetings Der Weihnachtsmann kommt: Santa Claus is coming Gluhwein: Mulled wine (popular in Germany over the holidays) Weihnachtsmarkt: Holiday/Christmas market (a popular tourist activity in Germany over the holidays) Der Engel: The angel Die Christbaumkugeln: Christmas ornaments Die Glocken: Bells Die Geschenke: Gifts

1984 Themes, Symbols, and Literary Devices

Written at a time when dictatorships and totalitarian regimes were establishing a hold over much of the world despite the defeat of Hitler’s Nazis in World War II, in 1984 Orwell described what he saw as the inevitable outcome of any political movement that embraced authoritarianism and the cult of personality. Orwell was extremely frightened of political power being concentrated in a small number of individuals, correctly seeing it as a pathway to the loss of personal freedoms, and foresaw the technology that would make the erasure of those freedoms a simple task. Totalitarianism The most obvious and powerful theme of the novel is, of course, totalitarianism itself. A totalitarian state is one where there is only one political force legally permitted—all opposition to the state’s policies and actions is illegal, usually categorized as treason and met with violent retribution. This naturally stifles freedom of expression and makes change within the system impossible. In democratic societies, opposition groups can form political parties, express their ideas freely, and force the state to address concerns or be replaced. In a totalitarian society, this is impossible. Orwell’s Oceania goes further than even most existing totalitarian states. Where real-world authoritarian leaders seek to restrict information and control their populations in terms of their physical movements and spoken or written communication, Orwell’s government of the future seeks to inhibit thought itself and alter information at the source. Newspeak is a language invented by the state specifically to make independent thought literally impossible, and even Winston’s physical surroundings are designed to inhibit his freedoms, like the way his small apartment is dominated by the enormous two-way television screen, crowding him into a corner he incorrectly believes offers him some degree of privacy. That illusion is crucial to Orwell’s theme, as he strives to demonstrate that in a truly totalitarian society all freedom is in fact an illusion. Winston believes he finds ways to resist and meaningfully fight back against repression, all of which turn out to be gambits controlled by the state. Orwell argues that people who imagine they would heroically resist such a repressive regime are kidding themselves. Control of Information A crucial aspect of Oceania’s control over the citizenry is its manipulation of information. Workers at the Ministry of Truth actively adjust newspapers and books on a daily basis to match the ever-changing version of history that suits the purposes of the state. Without any kind of reliable source of facts, Winston and anyone who, like him, is dissatisfied or concerned about the state of the world, has only their vague feelings on which to base their resistance. More than simply a reference to Joseph Stalin’s practice of literally airbrushing people out of historical records, this is a chilling demonstration of how a lack of information and accurate data renders people powerless. Winston daydreams of a past that never actually existed and sees it as the goal of his rebellion, but since he lacks any real information, his rebellion is meaningless. Consider how he is tricked into overtly betraying the state by O’Brien. All the information Winston has about the Brotherhood and Emmanuel Goldstein is fed to him by the state itself. He has no idea if any of it is true—if the Brotherhood even exists, if there is even a man named Emmanuel Goldstein. Destruction of the Self Winston’s torture at the end of the novel is not simply punishment for his Thoughtcrimes and incompetent attempts to rebel; the purpose of the torture is to eradicate his sense of self. This is the ultimate goal of totalitarian regimes according to Orwell: A complete subservience to the goals, needs, and ideas of the state. The torture Winston undergoes is designed to destroy his individuality. In fact, every aspect of life in Oceania is designed to achieve this goal. Newspeak is designed to prevent negative thoughts or any thought that is not approved or generated by the state. The Two-Minutes Hate and the presence of Big Brother posters promote a sense of homogeneous community, and the presence of Thought Police—especially the children, who have been raised in the poisoned environment of the totalitarian state and who function as credulous and uncritical servants of its philosophy—prevents any sort of trust or true kinship. In fact, the Thought Police do not have to actually exist to achieve this goal. Simply the belief that they do is sufficient to inhibit any individual expression, with the ultimate result that the self is subsumed into Groupthink. Symbols Big Brother. The most powerful and recognizable symbol from the book—recognized even by people who have not read it—is the looming image of Big Brother on posters everywhere. The posters obviously symbolize the power and omniscience of the party, but they are only ominous to those who retain any kind of individual thought. For those fully assimilated into the party line, Big Brother is not an ironic term—he is seen as a protector, a kindly older sibling keeping them from harm, whether it be the threat of outside forces, or the threat of unmutual thoughts. Proles. Winston is obsessed with the lives of the proles, and fetishizes the red-armed prole woman as his main hope for the future, because she represents the potentially overwhelming power of numbers as well as a mother who will bear future generations of free children. It is notable that Winston’s best hope for the future takes the responsibility from his hands—he is not the one counted on to deliver this ill-defined future, it is up to the proles to rise up. And if they do not, the implication is that it is because they are dull and lazy. Telescreens. Another obvious symbol are the wall-sized televisions in every private space. This literal intrusion by the state is not a commentary on modern television, which did not exist in any meaningful way in 1948, but rather a symbol of the destructive and repressive power of technology. Orwell distrusted technology, and saw it as a grave danger to freedom. Literary Devices Limited Point of View. Orwell chooses to restrict our access to information by tying the narrative solely to Winston’s point of view. This is done specifically to keep the reader reliant on the information they are given, just as Winston is. This underscores the betrayal and shock that both feel when, for example, the Brotherhood is revealed to be fictional. Plain Language. 1984 is written in a very plain style, with few flourishes or unnecessary words. While many students take this to mean Orwell was a humorless man, or who simply lacked the ability to write in an exciting way, the fact is the opposite: Orwell had such control over his art he was able to match his writing style precisely to the mood and setting. The novel is written in a sparse, grim style that perfectly matches and evokes the grim, unhappy, and hopeless setting. The reader experiences the same dull, plodding sense of mere existence that Winston does.

HIV progres Free Essays

Although progress has been in treating HIV infection and AIDS, the epidemic remains a critical public health issue in all communities across the country and around the world. Prevention, early detection, and ongoing treatment remain important aspects of care for people with HIV infections and AIDS. Nurses in all settings encounter people with this disease; thus, nurses need an understanding of the disorder, knowledge of the physical and psychological consequences associated with the diagnosis, and expert assessment and clinical management skills to provide optimal care for people with HIV infection and AIDS. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV progres or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1987, just 6 years after the first cases of AIDS were reported, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first antiretroviral agent; in 1988nthe first randomized controlled trial of primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appeared in the literature; and in 1995 protease inhibitors joined the growing number of antiretroviral agents. Improved treatment of HIV and AIDS has resulted in increased survival times; in 1996, 1997, and 1998, age-adjusted death rates fell 29%, 48%, and 21%, respectively. This paper intent to: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the modes of transmission of HIV infection. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   describe the pathophysiology of HIV infection. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   explain the physiology underlying the clinical manifestations of HIV infection. d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Describe the management of patients with HIV infection. e)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discuss the interventions appropriate for patients with HIV infection and AIDS. I. Introduction Since acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized more than 20 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life of persons with HIV infection. During the first decade, this progress was associated with recognition of opportunistic disease processes, more effective therapy for complications, and introduction of prophylaxis against common opportunistic infections (OIs). The second decade has witnessed progress in developing highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) as well as continuing progress in treating OIs (Masur, Kaplan Holmes, 1999). Since the HIV serologic test (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ALISHA], became available in 1984, allowing early diagnosis of the infection before onset of symptoms, HIV infection has been best managed as a chronic disease   and most appropriately managed in an outpatient care setting (Gallant, 2001). II. Background A. Epidemiology In fall 1982, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a case definition of AIDS after the first 100 cases were reported. Since then, the CDC has revised the case definition a number of times (1985, 1987, and 1993) All 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. dependencies and possessions, and independent nations in free association with the United States report AIDS cases to the CDC using a uniform surveillance case definition and case report from (CDC, 2000). Starting in the late 1990s, more states started to implement HIV case reporting in response to the changing epidemic and the need for information on persons with HIV infection who have not developed AIDS. As of December 2001, there were 816,149 reported cases of HIV/AIDS and 506, 154 adults, adolescents, and children in the United States (including U.S. dependencies, possession, and associated nations) living with AIDS. Unprotected sex and sharing of injection drug use equipment are the major means of transmission of HIV. A total of 43, 158 AIDS cases were diagnosed in 2001. For men diagnosed with AIDS during 2001, 59% were in the exposure category of men who have sex with men; 24% in injection drug use; and 7% in heterosexual contact. In women diagnosed with AIDS during that same period, 44% reported injection drug use and 52% reported heterosexual contact. Comparing race/ethnicity amount the three largest groups diagnosed in 2001, 20,752 were black, not Hispanics (CDC, 2002). The number of people living with AIDS is not evenly distributed throughout the United States. States with the largest number of reported AIDS cases during 2001 were New York (7,476), Florida (5,138), California (4,315), Texas (2,892), and Maryland (1,860) (CDC, 2002). AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in some other parts of the world. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, more than 18.3 million people worldwide have died of AIDS and 34.3 million people are infected with HIV, with 5.4 million people newly infected with HIV in 1999 alone (Letvin, Bloom Hoffman, 2001).   UNAIDS (2001) reports that since the epidemic began, more than 60 million people have been infected with the virus, making it the most devastating disease ever. The earliest confirmed case of HIV infection was found in blood drawn from an African man in 1959 (Stephenson, 2003). Although factors associated with the spread of HIV in Africa in the 1960s; however, social changes such as easier access to transportation, increasing population density, and more frequent sexual contacts may have been more important (Stephenson 2003). How to cite HIV progres, Papers

Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

Question: Describe the dimensions and antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour? Answer: Organizational Citizenship Behavior Introduction Every organization is in need of an employee who performs certain tasks which are not a part of any job description. In such circumstances, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) plays an active role. Organizational citizenship behavior refers to behavior which is beneficial to the organization not directly but indirectly. There are many researches or studies conducted in favor of organizational citizenship behavior. The present study have investigates organizational citizenship behavior in an in depth manner. Literature Review In todays ever quick era, every organization finds new ways to deal with various challenges. In todays competitive environment, each enterprise requires an employee who will perform duties more than their specified role requirements. It has been seen that, when employees exert behavior which exceeds its specified requirements they help in improving the overall functioning of the organization. OCB has been referred to as a behavior which pertains in the organization in which the employee performs more than its job requirements (Suresh Venkatammal, 2010). OCB has been referred to as the type of behavior which is voluntary in nature. Based on the research done by Organ 1988, organizational citizenship behavior is referred to as a vital aspect which helps in the survival of the organization as a whole. Organ also argued that, with the help of organizational citizenship behavior maximizes both the efficiency of the employee organization which helps in the proper functioning of the organ ization as a whole. There are various western researchers who have investigated organizational citizenship behavior in an in depth manner. The primary objective of this study is to predict the changes in organizational citizenship behavior either by personality or by organizational climate. This study takes into consideration a sample size of 215 employees of a public sector organization. The study conducted uses a two factor model theory and concludes that, personality climate factors both have greater influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Generally, OCB is referred to as a type of behavior such as helping the colleagues, perform some extra work voluntarily, representing the organization in front of the board members, assisting the co-workers in meeting the stringent deadlines etc. It has been seen that, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can be of various forms i.e. one where the beneficiary is a single person (for example,: in case of helping an employee) and other where a group of beneficiaries is involved (representing the organization in front of the board members) (Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences, 2006). The main aim of this study is to investigate, the set of different organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) antecedents i.e. personality organizational climate. Organizational climate in the current study has been defined as a set of perceived attributes of an organization as well as the ways in which organization deals with its group members or issues (if a ny). Organizational climate on the other hand has been referred to as a broader term which consists of various elements covered as antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Various studies suggest that, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) contributes towards the effectiveness of the organization thereby leading to high levels of performance for the same (Organ, Podsakoff MacKenzie, 2006). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has been referred to as a broader term which takes into consideration both social psychological environment where the task takes place (Organ, 1988). Some of the common examples of organizational citizenship behavior are helping the newly appointed employee to get familiar with the organization, volunteer in changing shifts, help a colleague in meeting the deadline, working overtime without remuneration organize activities in office. Some of the benefits of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) which might have positive impact o n the effective functioning of the enterprise betterment of employees have been discussed in this section of the review. Firstly, correlation between job satisfaction organizational citizenship behavior is positive. This means that, people working in the organization are highly satisfied not casual in nature. Secondly, employees who adopt various organizational citizenship behaviors tend to have better performance ratings. This will help the employee to earn more rewards recognition within the enterprise. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) seems to have compelling effects on the success of the organization i.e. it helps in enhancing the productivity of the organization, helpful behavior amongst the colleagues will help to facilitate cohesiveness, effective communication strong networks will help the employees to improve the efficiency along with supportive working environment. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has been referred to as a vital factor for success of any enterprise. Therefore, some of the factors which engages OCB in the workplace are personality, attitudes characteristics/traits. Some of the hypotheses which have been taken in this study are firstly, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is positively related to OCB, secondly; personality is related to OCB, thirdly; employees differ in their OCB based upon gender, age marital status, fourthly; organizational citizenship behavior direct to organization (OCBO) has two main factors i.e. personality organizational climate an lastly; organizational citizenship behavior direct to individuals (OCBI) is influenced by personality organizational climate (LAM, SCHAUBROECK NAUMANN, 2002). A sample size of 250 employees was taken and questionnaires were distributed amongst the same. Some of the tools adopted to gather information for organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) are organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire, organizational climate scale five factor personality scale (Roberts Hogan, 2001). The organizational citizenship behavior scale consists of 16 questions which are further divided into 8- 8 items for organizational citizenship behavior direct to individuals (OCBI) and organizational citizenship behavior direct to organization (OCBO). The questions catering to OCBO takes into consideration that how the efficiency of the organization can be improved and OCBI takes into consideration that how individuals might help the other employees in the organization. Based on the results, 0.83 OCBI 0.88 OCBO were seen (Khaola, 2008). This shows that, there is a positive link between OCBI OCBO. Organizational climate scale refers to a bipolar scale which is constructed for the employees and belongs to different attributes such as rewards recognition, interpersonal relations, organizational processes, sharing information altruistic behavior. The five factor personality scale refers to a scale which consists of 50 items. The participants taking this tool rates the items on a 5 point Likert Scale from 1 to 5. As per the study conducted regarding organizational citizenship behavior, organizational citizenship behavior direct to individuals (OCBI) has a positive correlation with the inter-personal relations, roles clarity, organizational processes sharing of information. Whereas, on the other hand organizational citizenship behavior direct to organization (OCBO) is positively correlated to organizational processes, altruistic behavior and organizational climate. Organizational climate has been referred to as a complex phenomenon which is related to employee retention, employee commitment employees perception for organization. Based upon the various studies conducted between the OCB organizational climate, it has been stated that both are positively correlated with one another. Based upon the study conducted by Biswas Varma 2007, a positive environment is seen within the enterprise which in turn leads to a positive energy amongst the employees. This positive energy inculcates willingness to engage in organizational citizenship behavior (OCBs). As evidence, Biswas Varma results that there is a positive correlation between climate pertaining in the organization OCB amongst 374 manufacturing sectors all across the globe (Hooi, 2012). The link between personality factors with organizational citizenship behavior can be seen amongst the employees towards direct individuals (OCBI) organization (OCBO). It has been seen that, employees help each other not only because of companionship but because of the bond they share with each other. Helping the colleagues is tapped by OCBI helping the organization as whole is tapped by OCBO. It is said that, people who are high on agreeableness states they enjoy interacting with their colleagues and are known by the terms such as friendly, helpful, happy, selfless, cooperative altruistic. These are the group of people who come into play in citizenship behaviors. There are another set of people, who not only assist their colleagues i n performing their tasks but try to benefit the enterprise thereby leading to better functioning of the enterprise. Based upon various researches it has been seen that, people belonging to different age groups react differently. According to the study conducted by Wagner Rush 2000, the early years of life i.e. 20-30 yrs is the at age for settling down and the latter ages i.e. 31-55yrs is the best age to spend leisure time with your loved ones (Gurbuz, 2009). This is the sole reason that, employees in young age try to match their needs with the needs of the organization. Whereas, on the other hand employees in the older age adjust their needs with whatever the organization is offering. It is seen that, married employees in any organization tend to pursue organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) towards the organization as a whole their colleagues (Biswas Varma, 2007). It has been seen that, married employees tend to give more time to the organization as compared to individuals. Conclusion Hence, as per the present study there is positive relation between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational processes. Organizational process refers to the relation between the member of the organization openness in the communication processes. Effective communication plays a vital role in balancing between the information being spread in the big organizations. Hence, it is the duty of the top officials to create an atmosphere of effective communication and build good relations with the employees working under one roof. Therefore, initiating various measures might help to capture as well as promote fairness in the regime (Bukhari, 2009). References Biswas, S., Varma, A 2007, Psychological climate and individual performance in India: Test of a mediated model, Employee Relations, vol. 29, pp. 664-676. Bukhari, Z. (2009). Key Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the Banking Sector of Pakistan.IJBM, 3(12). Gurbuz, S. (2009). Some possible antecedents of military personnel organizational citizenship behavior.Military Psychology, 21(2), pp.200-215. Hooi, L. (2012). Organisational justice, organisational citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction: what is the relationship?.JIBED, 6(3/4), p.274. Khaola, P. (2008). Organisational citizenship behaviour within learning environments.The International Journal of Management Education, 7(1), pp.73-80. LAM, S., SCHAUBROECK, J. and NAUMANN, S. (2002). GROUP ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: A CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PRELIMINARY TEST OF ITS ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES.Academy of Management Proceedings, 2002(1), pp.K1-K6. Organ, D. (1988).Organizational citizenship behavior. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Organ, D., Podsakoff, P. and MacKenzie, S. (2006).Organizational citizenship behavior. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. (2006).Personnel Psychology, 59(2), pp.484-487. Roberts, B. and Hogan, R. (2001).Personality psychology in the workplace. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, c. Suresh, S. and Venkatammal, P. (2010). Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour.Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(2), pp.276-286. Turnipseed, D. (2005).Handbook of organizational citizenship behavior. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Wagner, S. L., Rush, M. C 2000, Altruistic organizational citizenship behavior: context, disposition and age, The Journal of Social Psychology, pp. 140, 379.

7 Techniques to Turn Your Business Proposal into a Best Seller

7 Techniques to Turn Your Business Proposal into a Best Seller Summertime is when a lot of people grab a book, plop down in a lawn or beach chair and blissfully enter a vivid world that some novelist created. You may think that the way a novelist weaves the web of story is different from the way you write a business proposal, but maybe you should think again. After all, novelists have to solicit business (convince you to read the whole book), state the problem (present the main story conflict), present a solution (resolve the conflict) and show credibility (create a convincing world). Isn’t that what a proposal does? Here are 7 tips from novelists that will help you write a best-selling proposal: #1: KNOW YOUR CHARACTERS Novelists will often write character studies, making lists of attributes for each main character. They include things like what kind of clothing the character wears, how much they eat, what music they listen to and what they love or hate in their relationships. Most of this detail will not make it into the finished novel, but a deep understanding of each character allows the novelist to write the story in a way that has readers empathizing with these fictional people. So, too, will a successful business proposal show the depth of knowledge you have of the target company, their industry and the challenges they face. Do your homework on the client before sitting down to write the proposal. A good business proposal focuses fully on client needs and wants. It's not about you. #2: REMEMBER WHO THE MAIN CHARACTER IS Have you ever started a novel that focuses on one character, only to find out later that he or she has a bit part in the overall plot? That is a failing on the part of the novelist, who should make it clear right up front who the star of the story is. The equivalent of this mistake is when a proposal starts with an â€Å"About Us† segment that describes your company, the services you offer and the great projects you have completed. Your company is not the main character in this drama- the client is. Your best-selling business proposal focuses on the client, their problem and how you propose to solve it. Your qualifications come later and are supplemental to the main plot of the proposal. #3: HOOK ‘EM FAST â€Å"Start the piece where the trouble starts.† - Adair Lara Novelists are prodded to go straight to the conflict at the heart of the story. This is referred to as In medias res- Latin for â€Å"in the middle of things.† A reader wants to get right to the action with no throat clearing or long set-ups. Your proposal also should waste no time in getting to the action. Capture your reader’s attention by moving quickly to a statement of the client’s problem, and how you propose to solve it. #4: SLOW DOWN AT THE POINT OF GREATEST COMPLEXITY Have you ever read a novel where the author rushed through a scene right at the height of the action? Or worse- did he use the â€Å"old fade to black† routine? What was your reaction? You probably felt cheated and clapped the book shut. The same thing will happen if you use fuzzy language or rush the reader of your business proposal through the â€Å"How We Will Help You Solve Your Problem† section of the document. This is the "action scene" where you slow down and give the reader a lot of detail. Clearly explain exactly how you will help the client. Do not use over worked terms such as value-added, optimize, best practice, or leverage. Avoid industry jargon or acronyms your potential client might not understand. #5: CHOOSE THE RIGHT LANGUAGE â€Å"The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug. - Mark Twain Language is the tool in a novel that sets scene, portrays emotion, creates mood and brings the story alive in the reader’s mind. Successful proposals contain the right language for the client: specific to their industry, free of jargon, and above all, clear. For help with this step, review our Guide to Clarity in Business Writing. #6: MAKE EVERY WORD MATTER â€Å"Try to leave out the part that readers tend to skip.† - Elmore Leonard You know you’ve done it- jumped ahead in a novel to get to the good parts, skipping long descriptions, redundant characterizations, etc. Your clients are also good at skimming. They have to be in order to save their time and sanity because so many business documents are long and convoluted. Take a cue from the writers of page-turning novels and make each word of your proposal crucial. Set a quick pace in your narrative, provide headings for ease of reading and leave plenty of white space. #7: FIND A REALLY GOOD EDITOR â€Å"Writing can be like folding a banquet-sized tablecloth; you can do it yourself, but it’s a lot easier when you can find somebody to help.† - Ted Kooser Good novels are the result of collaboration. The successful novelist has received both instruction and critique to hone his writing skills. He also takes advantage of the services of a good editor to make sure the novel is ready for publication. Writing a proposal is often a team effort. Information and data are pulled together from various sources. The proposal goes through several drafts and different people look through the document before it is ready to send off to the client. If you are the sole person writing and reviewing the proposal, be certain to let it sit for 24 hours before you edit it. You're too familiar with the material and format to objectively improve upon it, so let a little time pass so you can view it with fresh eyes. Review ourproposal writing course. This is a practicum course with individual coaching, which guides you through an actual work proposal: Your instructor will review key incremental exercises, guiding you to a perfect final proposal. Learn the planning and writing process required to write a proposal that wins business. Receive coaching on the organization, sequencing, and language of your proposal. And, receive one-on-one live proposal coaching, via WebEx, to ensure all of the proposals you write win business.

Three artist Dialogue essays

Three artist Dialogue essays Artist are very opinionated individuals that create pieces that affect us in many ways. What do I mean by that statement? Well, if one is to look at any kind of artwork, I believe that it will evoke some kind of reaction from the viewer. It is the artists statement. It may not be a written statement or vocal statement, but it is a visual type of communication. The three artists that I am discussing will be Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and Barnett Newman. The discussion will be that of their opinions on creating art and their interpretation of some forms of art. The source of the information will Jackson Pollock's artwork is very loose and free with lots of energy and movement. An idea of an American art to him is absurd. Meaning that he thinks that art cannot be classified into a type or grouping. His example of physics being tied to a nationality has its merits. The theory of physics is a universal type of thinking. It is not locked down to be understood by cer- tain nationalities. He says that all people can understand its concepts. And that is how he views artwork as well. Art is the universal language. Mark Rothko states that artwork transcends us to a different plane or dimension. The hum-drum of everyday life can stifle the creative energy of the artist according to Rothko. He says that if artists can let go of his ties to reality, only then is he able to be truly creative. Freedom is the goal of the artist. Freedom from reality will allow an artist to create beyond his normal limits. Artwork is a magical result that started within the artist mind and is transferred to the canvas. This transformation is his so called The items in his works are like individual entities that have purpose. This purpose may be to itself or may have relationships to other ...

Analysing Fashion Consumer Motivations for Shopping Online-data Essay

Analysing Fashion Consumer Motivations for Shopping Online-data analysis - Essay Example The paper "Analysing Fashion Consumer Motivations for Shopping Online-data analysis" investigates the motivations of the fashion consumer in the online shopping. This would therefore be quite ideal as it would stimulate he consumer demand by motivating them to go and make purchase concerning the products. The business entity would so realize better sales and hence optimize on the profit margins. Bearing in mind that the marketing is done online, it is important to reiterate that a large geographical coverage will be covered and this will therefore be quite beneficial to the firm as its products will be globally recognized and accessed by the various consumers. This will as well possibly stimulate the business to involve itself in globalization to enable all the consumers to enjoy the products without any shortage or failure. It is important to note that demography is a very broad classification that encompasses a lot within it. The variables that form the demographics include things to with the age of the customers, their sex or gender and any other component or category that make up a given population. These could be levels of education as well as the category of individuals in a given population based on status, religious believes status as well as the races of different individuals. In the paper, it can be clearly noted that the minimum age that was in the marketing exercise that to mean whose products are sold was the age if 15 years of age with the maximum age being over 55 years.

Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act - Coursework Example She faced many problems for the settlement of her infant child. Therefore, the idea came to my mind that she and many others like mothers are facing the adverse situation. In this case, a child may be disturbed. Therefore in order to save mothers and children form this adverse condition I planned to open a day care centre which actually provides the best services to the people regarding the care of their children that they feel fully satisfied after leaving their child here in the day care centre. The project of day care centre is done through a formal process even from the building to the hiring of staff. Initially the day care centre faces many problems. There was a little awareness about the day care centre in the public. In some cases, people do not rely on the environment and services of a day care centre. In my opinion, the problem was in the marketing of the project. We did not focus on the promotion and advertisements regarding day care centre. Some people are even unaware of the day care centre. A newly introduced project needs a high level investment on the marketing schemes. At the end of first year, the project of day care centre was a partial success just because of the lack of advertising promotions. The project could be fully successful if there was market analysis before its start. Therefore, in my opinion, a business manager should analyze the whole market in order to check the demand awareness of the project. Initially there should be a high-level investment on the marketing purpose. For these projects, there should be a marketing manager so that they can perform the duties in a regular manner (Lake, 2012). Then the management of the business can take right decisions. The concept of process management groups is very much similar to Deming’s plan, do, check and act strategy. This approach is very helpful in the problem just because of the division of work

HR Management Challenges at Jaguar Land Rover

HR Management Challenges at Jaguar Land Rover 1. Introduction This report is being presented in response to a request by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) to analyse and assess some important HR implications of the current initiatives by some leading UK companies to send some of their brightest talent to work in emerging markets in order to gain fruitful international experience. Jaguar Land Rover, an iconic British company that has in the past gone through very difficult times and was purchased by the Indian TATA Group of Companies, has been steadily improving its operational and financial performance during past two years. Much of the companys growth is arising from its success in the newly developing emerging markets of the world. Whilst the company still has to make its presence felt in India, the home country of its new owners, its sales are steadily improving in countries like China and Russia, which have many high income individuals ready to spend on high performance luxury cars. The JLR management has recently initiated a proposal for sending some of its best senior managers to China and Russia to gain important international experience (Peacock, 2010, p 1). The company has further more informed its managers that strong experience in such international postings will improve their chances for progression to the board of directors. The Chinese market is extremely important to JLR, second in numbers only to the UK and the USA (Peacock, 2010, p 1). The company is also investigating the possibility of establishing a joint venture in China for the manufacture of thousands of cars (Bowman, 2010, p 1-2). With emerging markets like China, India and Russia becoming increasingly important to western business corporations, many British and American companies are actively investigating the idea of sending their managers to such countries to gain important international experience and insight (Bowman, 2010, p 1-2). JLRs proposal to send some of its key managers abroad was followed by the news of a survey of 418 UK executives that revealed that 40% of companies have plans to send more of their employees to emerging markets in East Europe, the Middle East, Russia and Asia (Bowman, 2010, p 1-2). Such proposals for systematic relocation of high quality organisational talent from home environments to overseas locations is bound to have a number of HR implications, not just from the individuals likely to be effected by such moves, but also by their bosses, who might not be willing to be deprived of bright employees working under them. Whilst such moves by UK companies are bound to have a number of organisational implications, this report deals with three specific HR issues namely, (a) organisational change, (b) cultural differences in international human resource management and (c) Talent Management. 2. Organisational Change Contemporary business organisations like JLR operate in extremely dynamic environments that are constantly being influenced and impacted by changes in technologies and in marketing and economic environments. JLR has in fact suffered extensively in the past because of its inability to respond adequately to global developments in the markets for luxury cars. Its takeover by the India based TATA group has been followed by a number of initiatives in different operational and marketing areas with good results. The company has decided to expand beyond its traditional markets in the UK and the United States and is actively searching for new markets in the Middle East, Russia, China and other emerging economies. Such changes in marketing strategies have been prompted and necessitated by the huge ongoing change in global economies and the expansion of wealth to the emerging and developing economies. Adoption of different organisational strategies often results in the need to bring about significant, long lasting and beneficial organisational change (Bovey, 2001, p 372). Such organisational change requires an identification of where an organisation should be, compared to where it is today, for achievement of strategic objectives, and the formulation and implementation of strategies to take the organisation from where it is to where it should be (Bovey, 2001, p 372). Whilst organisational change can be required on account of a number of environmental and marketing reasons, such change is essentially brought about through the agency of organisational managers and employees and needs to be viewed mainly through HR perspectives (Bovey, 2001, p 372). Numerous studies have confirmed time and again that the majority of organisational change initiatives are unsuccessful in achieving all or some of the original change objectives despite their being widespread agreement about the importance and relevance of such change (Hayes, 2006, p 87). Whilst some change initiatives may founder and lead to adverse consequences because they were essentially grounded in wrong decisions and inappropriate strategic thought, the majority of reasons behind the failure of otherwise important and desirable change initiatives largely occur because of various employee related issues (Hayes, 2006, p 87). There is general agreement on the fact that change initiatives brought about only through orders of senior managers are unlikely to be successful without strong support, involvement and participation of employees. Much of organisational resistance to change comes about from the apprehensions and insecurities of employees in being able to cope with the demand s of the planned changes. Such insecurities could arise from the prospects of having to learn new technologies, work in different locations, handle different people and exploit new markets (Hayes, 2006, p 87). The employees of JLR who are being asked to move to locations in China may well suffer from various apprehensions about the impact of such movements on their personal and professional lives. Such changes could lead to their having to be separated from their wives and children and working in different social, cultural, economic and legal environments (Hayes, 2006, p 87). Resistance to change is a much examined organisational phenomenon. Change management experts like Lewin and Kotter have advanced useful methods for implementation of organisational change. Lewin recommends a three stage change management process that consists of unfreeze, change and freeze stages (Lewin, 2005, p 14). Kotter on the other hand recommends that change should be brought in more gradually over the course of eight appropriate stages (Kotter, 2009, p 7). Whilst such tools for bringing about organisational change have been found to be useful, management experts assert that good change management stems out of effective leadership. Leaders are responsible for bringing about effective organisational change (Kotter, 2009, p 54). It is their responsibility to determine the change objectives, engage in transparent and clear communication about the need for change with organisational employees, identify and motivate change champions throughout the organisation, back change initiatives with physical and human resources and be committed to the achievement of the change objective (Kotter, 2009, p 54). JLR is in the process of implementing a number of change initiatives to improve its strategic processes, market share and operating efficiencies. The proposal to send its talented managers to an important business location like China in order to prepare them for board level positions is integral to such organisational change initiatives. The organisation leadership will have to take care to ensure the careful and appropriate implementation of such processes to achieve change objectives. 3. The Impact of Cultural Differences in International HR Management Globalisation, along with the liberalisation of isolated economies like those of the erstwhile Soviet bloc, China and India, has helped in the development of enormous business opportunities for western corporations (Zakaria, 2000, p 497). Western MNCs have being quick to spot the huge potential markets in these regions and have increased their marketing and production operations across Latin America, the Middle East, Russia and Asia, both to make use of their low cost economic environments and to exploit their growing and attractive markets (Zakaria, 2000, p 497). China represents an important destination for JLR and constitutes the third most important market for the company with potential for substantial future growth. The country is also an attractive destination for the establishment of economic production operations. Whilst the country is extremely important for the achievement of the organisations overall strategy, the success of such a strategy will be significantly influenced by the ability of the company and its managers to succeed in significantly different environmental conditions in China (Stulz, 2003, p 315). Whilst China is making strong efforts to integrate into the global economy, its social, cultural, economic, legal and political environment is significantly different from those of the UK and the USA (Stulz, 2003, p 315). MNC managers are required to handle numerous variables and deal with complex challenges in such foreign environments, many of which are not relevant in their home locations (Stulz, 2003, p 315). The need for such managers to operate in essentially different cultural environments is among the most significant of such challenges. The effect of such cultural differences on the functioning of expatriate managers is often extensive and is commonly termed as culture shock (Gallagher, 1996, p 228). HR experts state that culture shocks can not only affect the effectiveness of expatriate managers to succeed in their assignments, but t hat the ability of such managers to successfully operate in foreign conditions is largely dependent on their ability to recognise, plan for and overcome cultural differences (Gallagher, 1996, p 228). Cultural experts like Hofstede and Trompenaars have studied the issue in details and analysed specific reasons for such differences, which are unique to the social and cultural milieu of individual nations (Gallagher, 1996, p 228). It is important to appreciate that such cultural differences can lead to the emergence of frustration and feelings of strain, which can arise from not understanding the thoughts and actions of local people. Such strain and frustration can lead to anger, depression and helplessness (Maznevski, et al, 2002, p 276). International managers have to be trained to cope with the emotional, thinking and social aspects of cultural differences (Maznevski, et al, 2002, p 276). It becomes very important for organisations to engage in carefully planned and deliberated effo rts to orient their managers to deal with a vast range of cultural differences, especially so when managers have to be sent to countries with very different cultures (Stulz, 2003, p 315). The senior management of JLR must taker careful note of this aspect of international operations and engage in appropriate action, if it wishes to truly exploit the enormous opportunities available in China. 4. Talent Management Talent management represents a complex array of interrelated HR processes that are jointly used to improve the quality of organisational talent (Farndale, et al, 2010, p 32). With it widely being accepted that human resource constitute the most important organisational resource in modern day business, most well run organisations aim to utilise their human resources effectively by taking specific steps to sharpen and improve organisational talent (Farndale, et al, 2010, p 32). Mckinsey referred to this growing movement for improvement of organisational talent as the war for talent. With competition intensifying progressively across the world, most organisations realise that the maintenance and enhancement of competitive advantage is significantly dependent upon their ability to recruit, attract, develop and retain talent (Farndale, et al, 2010, p 32). JLR competes, in its segment of high priced luxury cars with globally famous competitors like BMW, Mercedes Benz and Toyota, all of whi ch are known for the superior quality of their managerial staff and workforce. JLR must also thus make deliberate efforts and adopt appropriate HR policies to nourish, nurture and reward its in house talent and make efforts to attract the best of external talent from outside. Its efforts to send employees who have been recognised on account of their superior management skills to China in order to develop them for senior organisational positions is an important HR process for development of organisational talent (Guthridge Komm, 2008, p 5). The exposure of these chosen managers to very different working and cultural environments will help them to understand different cultures and work with diverse types of people in alien environments (Guthridge Komm, 2008, p 5). Such exposure will help these employees extensively in understanding and appreciating the global economy and important company markets. It will also help them to obtain a world view and appreciate human diversity. Such experience should be invaluable in their development as professional managers (Guthridge Komm, 2008, p 5). Reward and remuneration policies also constitute an integral part of talent management processes (Briscoe, et al, 2009, p 46). Organisational talent not only has to be nurtured but also has to be rewarded handsomely in order to build organisational loyalty and retain it in house (Briscoe, et al, 2009, p 46). JLRs proposal to tie up assignments in China with positive weightage for future board level positions indicates its organisational policy to handsomely reward managers who are committed to organisational interest and personal and professional development. JLR must follow up its proposal to send these managers to China with transparent and clear communication on the reasons for doing so and how such an initiative will help the organisation as well as the individual managers. 5. Conclusions

Essay --

People have different taste buds and different numbers of taste buds that can determine their sensitivity to taste. In this experiment, we tested the changes in threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors when maple syrup is consumed prior to the tests. Two subjects tasted four solutions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). Each solution had seven different concentrations. Two experiments were also made with and without maple syrup consumption. The first experiment was used as a control group for the second experiment. Results showed that threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors changed after consuming syrup before the other solutions. Based on the results, it was determined that chemoreceptors adapted to concentration strengths. Tastants, which are taste stimuli, uses chemicals to evoke the sense of taste (Kudo et al., 2010). People’s term of taste differs by a genetic locus, which causes the tongue to identify taste (Eisenstein, 2010). A chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that can identify chemical stimuli then transmits the information to the brain (Campbell, 2010). The number of taste buds in a person’s mouth can also determine their sensitivity to taste (Kudo et al., 2010). Adaptation occurs when the nervous system does not cause a reaction due to a stimulus being continuous for a period of time (Walsh, 2013). In this experiment, we determined the changes in threshold sensitivity of the taste receptors for salty, sour, sweet, and bitter solutions by consuming maple syrup prior to tasting the other solutions. We wanted to see if taste receptors could adapt to a strong sweet taste, but could still acquire the same threshold sensitivity of the other tastes. I predicted that after consuming maple syrup, the taste threshold for the ot... ...erence on the results. Since we only had time to experiment with only two subjects, our average would not be as precise as if we had experimented with five to ten subjects. Another error was the amount of maple syrup consumed. Sometimes Tuan would consume a little syrup and sometimes he would consume a lot. The same also occurred with Khoi as he also sometimes consumed a large concentration of syrup. Temperature was also a factor to the results as a warmer solution was more noticeable than a cooler solution. Due to the collected data, we concluded that the threshold sensitivity of taste receptors did change after maple syrup was consumed (Figure 1). Future experiments that would further the understanding of this topic could be that instead of using maple syrup, which was sweet, we could use something that was bitter, salty, or sour to see if results would also vary. Essay -- People have different taste buds and different numbers of taste buds that can determine their sensitivity to taste. In this experiment, we tested the changes in threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors when maple syrup is consumed prior to the tests. Two subjects tasted four solutions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). Each solution had seven different concentrations. Two experiments were also made with and without maple syrup consumption. The first experiment was used as a control group for the second experiment. Results showed that threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors changed after consuming syrup before the other solutions. Based on the results, it was determined that chemoreceptors adapted to concentration strengths. Tastants, which are taste stimuli, uses chemicals to evoke the sense of taste (Kudo et al., 2010). People’s term of taste differs by a genetic locus, which causes the tongue to identify taste (Eisenstein, 2010). A chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that can identify chemical stimuli then transmits the information to the brain (Campbell, 2010). The number of taste buds in a person’s mouth can also determine their sensitivity to taste (Kudo et al., 2010). Adaptation occurs when the nervous system does not cause a reaction due to a stimulus being continuous for a period of time (Walsh, 2013). In this experiment, we determined the changes in threshold sensitivity of the taste receptors for salty, sour, sweet, and bitter solutions by consuming maple syrup prior to tasting the other solutions. We wanted to see if taste receptors could adapt to a strong sweet taste, but could still acquire the same threshold sensitivity of the other tastes. I predicted that after consuming maple syrup, the taste threshold for the ot... ...erence on the results. Since we only had time to experiment with only two subjects, our average would not be as precise as if we had experimented with five to ten subjects. Another error was the amount of maple syrup consumed. Sometimes Tuan would consume a little syrup and sometimes he would consume a lot. The same also occurred with Khoi as he also sometimes consumed a large concentration of syrup. Temperature was also a factor to the results as a warmer solution was more noticeable than a cooler solution. Due to the collected data, we concluded that the threshold sensitivity of taste receptors did change after maple syrup was consumed (Figure 1). Future experiments that would further the understanding of this topic could be that instead of using maple syrup, which was sweet, we could use something that was bitter, salty, or sour to see if results would also vary.

A comparison of text and a production of Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay

‘From page to stage’- A comparison of text and a production of Shakespeare’s Macbeth. I have decided to aim my coursework at the scene where Banquo’s ghost appears to Macbeth. I am basing my coursework around the reactions of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, and also the way in which Banquo is portrayed to us in Shakespeare’s play and the performance, which we attended, by the Long Overdue Theatre Company. I am comparing each of these characters from the performance with the way that they are portrayed in the written version. In the TLOTC performance; we receive a calm atmosphere at the time of the banquet, however in the written version more mysterious version is revealed to us. In the production version I don’t feel we were given a very clear image of how Macbeth changed throughout the scene. The text initially portrays an image of how horrified Macbeth is when he sees Banquo sitting at the table. When reading the play we can visualise what’s happening throughout the scene. We can visualise how Macbeth talks to Banquo as though he is fully human and is really there. We see this by the way Macbeth speaks to Banquo, â€Å"Never shake thy gory locks at me.† It is in this way that we can tell clearly what’s happening in this scene. The TLOTC portrays this to us well, I feel that they gave us the clear view of Macbeth’s feelings towards the ghost. I feel that this helped us to realise the fear that Macbeth felt. They showed Macbeth’s actions clearly, he was very shaken and scared, I feel that the tone of voice he used was very effective. I feel that we learn more about Macbeth’s astonishment and disbelief in the TLOTC performance than in the text. Macbeth asks † Which of you have done this?† This shows us that Macbeth is in shock at what he is seeing before him. In the performance we are able to see the facial expressions, I feel that this helps us to get a clearer view at what Macbeth is feeling. Whereas in the written version we can only try and visualise what Macbeth is feeling. The tone of voice use helps us to realise the tension which Macbeth feels. Each time Banquo entered the room Macbeth’s tone of voice changed: it became shaken and very loud. I think that Ben Shockley portrayed this very well in the performance. Macbeth tries to tell the others what he sees before him. He say’s to them â€Å"If I stand here I saw him.† In the written version we can’t tell what type of voice is used so less emphasis is put on Macbeth’s words. The supernatural elements were portrayed to us more clearly in the performance. In the written version Shakespeare gives very few stage directions. In the LOTC production I felt that the sound effects that were used each time Banquo’s ghost appeared were very effective, in the way in which we are able to tell when Banquo’s ghost was appearing. We get none of this build up of tension from the written version. I feel, however, that the written version is much fuller than that of the performance as the impact of Shakespeare’s language was more obvious. This was particularly at the beginning of the scene, where Lady Macbeth seems to have a very calm, patient attitude towards Macbeth. Lady Macbeth says to the others in a calm voice â€Å"Sit, worthy friends, my Lord is often thus.† We can see Lady Macbeth’s attitude change towards Macbeth in both the performance and the written version. When she hears Macbeth speak to the ghost but she doesn’t know who her husband is talking to. Lady Macbeth tries to be strong and reassure everyone that Macbeth’s behaviour should not alarm them, when she says to them: † My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth.† As Macbeth begins again to talk to Banquo Lady Macbeth’s attitude changes again, she begins to panic a lot more. I feel that the way she was panicking partly was giving away their innocence. Lady Macbeth’s panic is conveyed on stage when she say’s â€Å"Pray you speak not, he grows worse and worse, questions enrage him. At once, good night.† In the LOTC performance and in the written version Lady Macbeth is shown as the stronger person between her and Macbeth. Lady Macbeth begins to get so antagonised that she begins threatening Macbeth’s right to call himself a man: she say’s † What, quite unmanned in folly?† I feel that the performance gives a better view on Lady Macbeth’s strong will to keep her and Macbeth from looking guilty. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth not to worry as she is afraid that all his worrying will give away their innocence. I feel that the blood, which appeared from Banquo’s mouth and nose, helped the audience to visualise Banquo’s presence as a ghost, of a murder man, intent on making his killer suffer.

How does Edgar Allan Poe use dreams to portray terror and mirror the narrators sense of reality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2374 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Edgar Allan Poe Essay Did you like this example? Edgar Allan Poe was a writer during the 1800s and was wellknown for his poems and short stories (biography.com editors). With his use of horror and mystery, Poe was the father of the detective fiction story (biography.com editors). In many of his short stories, the lines between life and reality are seen to be blurry, especially after his death in 1849 (biography.com editors). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How does Edgar Allan Poe use dreams to portray terror and mirror the narrators sense of reality" essay for you Create order During the late 1830s, Poe published his first collection of short stories, the Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. The Fall of the House of Usher and The Pit and the Pendulum were two of the many short stories published within the collection. Within these two short stories, and many of his other ones, Poe uses terror to tell the tale. As he was writing, Poe was informed of many instances that were real life situations; he used these situations to tell his stories about them through a more fictional mindset. For example, Poe used James Campbell Usher and Agnes Pye Ushersons of an actor who had previously performed with his motherto tell the story The Fall of the House of Usher (Semtner). In the beginning of the story, the narrator visits the Usher house to visit his childhood friend, Roderick Usher. Rodericks sister has become ill with a very mysterious disease. She later then dies and is buried in a room of the house. Roderick confesses to the narrator that he has been hearing strange sounds and is afraid that he has buried his sister alive. As his fears are confirmed, Madeline, his sister, stands in the doorway and attacks her brother. Roderick dies of fear as the narrator quickly flees from the property. The reallife us her twins were believed to have been insane; this is where Edgar Allan Poes inspiration for this specific story has come. He also used historical events, such as the Spanish Inquisition, and based The Pit and the Pendulum off of it. Pope Gregory IX called on the Inquisition to rid out the heretics in Europe. If the heretics did not want to confess to their crime, they were tortured until they did so. If they completely refused to confess, they were imprisoned and burned at the stake; the same goes for if they were guilty. Spanish leaders King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella asked the Popes permission to remove all individuals who were not catholic to purify the people of Spain (Semtner). In Edgar Allan Poes story, he writes the story of an individual telling his story of being convicted for heresy. He is brought into a chamber instead of being publicly prayed for and convicted and realizes he is not in a good situation. Although these stories are based on real life events, Edgar All an Poe is still able to make these stories dreamlike. By doing so, he portrays horror and uses them to mirror the narrators sense of reality. The anonymity of the first person narration in The Pit and the Pendulum creates a fuzzy and gloomydream likeeffect which helps the story come off as more terrifying. For example, during the Inquisition, heretics were tortured to death or tortured until they confessed. This was, no doubt, a horrifying experience for all individuals that were put through the trials. This is expressed when the narrator explains the judges lips to be whiter than the sheet upon which [he] traces [the] words and thin even to grotesqueness (Poe 3). When the narrator goes on to explain how [he] saw them fashion the syllables of [his] name, the audience can then see that when his name leaves the judges lips, it sounds as lifeless as he perceives their lips to be with the words white and thin to the point of disgust. Later, during the time of his trial, he asks himself, Yet what business had I with hope? (Poe 14). This reveals the obvious sense of hopelessness the speaker now has for his well being and his thoughts on the chances that he has of making it out of the situation alive. The use of the unnamed narrator allows for any individual to be placed in the narrators position. This then helps the reader realize that Poe is using this story to imitate the fears and terror of any individual that was victim to the inquisition, especially with the use of the words I and my repeatedly. In The Fall of the House of Usher, the anonymous speaker also tells his story in a first person narration. In this short story, the effect of anonymous first person narration allows the speaker to be present during the occurrence or situation, but not all the way physically there. For example, Roderick Usher is very upset that his sister has fallen terribly ill; the illness eventually leads to her death. After they buried her, an observable change came over the features of the mental disorder of [his] friend (Poe 18). The reader can also see the that his friend has beheld him gazing upon vacancy for long hours, in an attitude of the profoundest attention, as if listening to some imaginary sound (Poe 18). Here, the speaker is seen to be an observer, almost as if watching Roderick Usher behind a glass wall. There is also the instance as to where the narrator put his hand on his friends shoulder and [the narrator] saw that he spoke in a low, hurried, and gibbering murmur, as if uncons cious of my presence (Poe 24). This brings attention to the fact that the narrator really has no effect on Roderick Usher, making it seem as if he is not really present; he is just an observer. This is also seen throughout the multiple instances in which the narrator made an effort to lighten Ushers mood after the death of his sister by telling him a story, etc., but this has no effect on him. Lastly, when Madeline appears behind the door, covered in blood and the evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame, the narrator becomes fearful of the angry girl (Poe 25). Instead of her acknowledging him, she walks right past him, as if he is not there in the first place, and [falls] heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and in her violent and now final death agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse (Poe 25). One would think that she would be angry at both individuals for burying her alive, but she just kills her brother, instead of killing the narrat or too. This makes it seem as if he was only metaphysically present, creating the dream like aspect of the role of the narrator. The ability of the narrator to first handedly experience the situation creates the terror. In The Pit and the Pendulum and The fall of the House of Usher, Poe uses personification to create a dreamy effect which, in turn, creates a more terrorizing environment and allows the audience to understand the narrators sense of reality. To begin, in The Pit and the Pendulum, the speaker talks about seven tall candles that seemed as if they were white slender angles who would save [him] (Poe 3,4). This right away represents that the narrator is looking for a resolution in this unreal and terrifying situation. The hope for a dream like resolution to his terrifying situation reveals to the reader that is not able to process the fate of which his life faces. Throughout his tortuous stay in this dungeon, at one point, the speaker is introduced to an endless pit. In the centre yawned the circular pit from whose jaws I had escaped (Poe 11). The use of the word yawned indicated that the circumference of this pit must have been very large. Adding on to this, the use of the word jaw and us ing the word yawned to describe it allows to reader to understand that the narrator makes this pit out to be a monster trying to devour him. After the speaker has avoided the pit, he later finds himself tied up with a sharp, swinging pendulum slowly descending from the ceiling. It is lined up to slice horizontal of his heart. The whole [pendulum] hissed as it swung through the air (Poe 13). Again, Poe uses the word hissed making this object seem like it is an animal trying to kill the narratorthis is seen in the previous example of the pendulum. Again, he tells the audience that that pendulum swept so closely over [him] as to fan [him] with its acrid breath (Poe 13). Using the word acrid to describe the breath or the wind coming from the pendulum swinging suggests that the narrator does not want it getting any close, but in this situation, he cannot really help that. . As the narrator describes the hissing vigor of [the pendulums] descent, the reader can see the reference again to t he pendulum being thought of as some kind of angry animal trying to get to the narrator and harm him (Poe 14). As the speaker is contemplating death, he realizes that It was hope that whispers to the death condemned even in the dungeons of the inquisition (Poe 15). This is the first time since the speaker has been held captive that he brings up hope. Although the hope whispers he realizes that there is still a chance to escape this possibility of death. The personification allows for an unreal mindset of the narrator to be portrayed. Poe uses the personification to, not only create more terror and reveal what the narrator thought about the situation, but to make the situation more relatable so every reader can feel the terror those individuals were feeling throughout the Inquisition. Although there is not much personification in The Fall of the House of Usher, there is still some that allows for the creation of terror and the mirroring of the narrators sense of reality. The observation of the vacant and eye like windows suggests that the house has seen the fall of the Usher family, as the windows are vacant and the house is now mostly empty (Poe 3). The repetition of that the vacant and eye like windows suggest that the house itself is alive and is awaitingforeshadowingthe events that are to come. Also, the narrator realizes the hideous dropping off of the veil (Poe 3). This emphasizes the appearance in the narrators eyes as disappointing and nasty. Through the use of personification, Poe uses this to symbolize the presence of an evil force. The personification allows the house to seem unrealdreamlike. This helps to create and setup the terror in the beginning and also shows the reader perception of actuality. The surrealism in The Pit and the Pendulum also helps create the dreamy effect. The author has been tortured to an extent to which he feels disconnected from his physical self. He opens with, I WAS sicksick unto death with that long agony; and when they at length unbound me, and I was permitted to sit, I felt that my senses were leaving me (Poe 1). This suggests that the narrator has been through such a traumatic experience that he cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is not real. For example, when the judges are saying his name, he shuddered because no sound succeeded (Poe 3). Also, when he speaks of seven tall candles being white slender angles reveals to the reader that the speaker is on the brink of insanity. Again, he cannot hear or see things correctly because he cannot perceive reality correctly. This is because the hope he had for being found innocent had been crushed when he was found guilty and given the death penalty, hence why he could not hear a sound . In The Pit and the Pendulum, Edgar Allan Poe uses echoes to create terror. This is first seen when the narrator trips and falls, almost making his way into the endless pit in the floor of the room of the dungeon. As a small piece of debris falls into the pit, there is the sound of it hitting the water, and it is succeeded by loud echoes (Poe 9). Using this, Poe brings out a dreamy effect which also creates terror. In this case. The echo represents the emptiness of the well; the amount of them represents the deepness. This creates terror in possible ways that the narrator could fall in at any second, or that he did almost fall in. Considering that the room is very dark at this point, it is very possible for him to fall in, which would be very frightening. In The Fall of the House of Usher, the echo takes places when Madeline is mimicking the sounds from the book that the narrator is reading. This is dreamy in fact because it does not seem realthe narrator does not know how these sound s are repeatedly being produced every time he speaks of one. This also suggests the presence of evil which, in turn, creates a feeling of terror. Many of Edgar Allan Poes short stories are based off of real life events. This being said, the way that he incorporates the dream like effect in each of his writing allows the possibility of more horror and terror to take place in the audiences mind as they read. His use of personification suggests that the narrator perceives a more unreal situation than what is taking place; this makes it more terrifying to the audience in ways that it becomes more reliable considering the different characteristics he is allowing these things in the story to have. The use of surrealism in The Pit and the Pendulum suggests that the reader is going insane and cannot tell the different between reality and a deception. This also creates terror because it allows the reader to realize the horror the narrator has been through to make him think like he does. Lastly, he uses echoes in order to create a sense of emptiness to emphasize the fact that there is a horrifying truth waited to be revealed. Edgar All an Poes use of dreams in his short stories allows the reader to feel more connected to what the narrator feels and allows them to feel more strongly about it.